1521 AD Martin Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X | Martin Luther’s excommunication
Seeds of Doubt Sown The year 1521 marked a pivotal moment in European history. It was the year Martin Luther, a German monk and theologian, ignited a religious firestorm that would irrevocably alter the landscape of Christianity. On January 3rd, Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem, formally excommunicating Luther from the […]
1875-1910 AD French Third Republic | Secularism and Church-State Separation
The French Third Republic was the government of France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed due to its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, until 1940, when France fell to Nazi Germany in World War II. Over its 70-year history, the Third Republic faced numerous political, social, and economic crises that threatened its existence, […]